Market Research Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Statistical surveying Methodology - Essay Example 'Commonly center gatherings are utilized as a methods for testing ideas new items and messages. A center gathering is subjective research which implies that you don't get results with rates, factual testing or tables .rather this approach is less organized than reviews or other quantitative research and will in general be progressively exploratory also. As opposed to giving quantifiable reactions to a particular inquiry acquired from an enormous inspecting of the populace, center gathering members give a progression of information and association identified with the subject or gathering of points that the gathering is based on. While they give off an impression of being less formal than a study, center gatherings do give a significant wellspring of data for settling on business choices. It is significant how ever to guarantee that people utilizing the consequences of such a subjective report see how to effectively decipher the subsequent data'. 1 The sythesis of a spotlight bunch is normally founded on the homogeneity or closeness of the gathering individuals. Carrying individuals with normal interests or encounters together makes it simpler for them to carry on a beneficial conversation. Regularly an examination task will utilize various gatherings to get contrasting perspectives. For instance, an association is arranging a significant rebuilding. It is alluring to have three separate center gatherings - patrons, nonunion workers, and directors. Every one of these gatherings would speak to a possibly alternate point of view on the progressions confronting the association. Envision the potential issues in uniting patrons and the board. Neither would don't hesitate to talk precipitously and, contingent upon the nervousness level, the conversation may potentially winding wild. Segment attributes are another approach to decide center gathering sythesis: A political up-and-comer should seriously mull over holding separate center gatherings with the two people or more youthful and more seasoned voters. An organization testing another item may lead center gatherings in various land districts. Hierarchical leaders may think that its helpful to have separate center gatherings for the individuals who favor and the individuals who restrict a specific issue. One alert recollect that with a center gathering, it is absurd to expect to look at the outcomes from various gatherings in a severe quantitative sense, since they need delegate ness. Each gathering might be described as increasing the data of the others - with an end goal to search for the same number of various clarifications or translations as

Final examination assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Last assessment - Assignment Example During his time, there was the presentation of tea for drinking, development of black powder and the presentation of cash as methods for trade. Every one of these developments occurred during the rule of the Song line (Asia for Educators 1). Furthermore, the Song tradition was described by a tremendous business development, and a large portion of the antiquarians alluded to this period as a time of pre-current character. On account of industrialization, there was the creation of non-farming great. Creation of nonagricultural was of predominance. China has been recognized as the main country that had early turns of events. Besides, urbanization got rich in the Chinese urban areas. Journalists like Marco polo originated from one of the most complex urban areas in Europe during his time, yet he was flabbergasted on the association of the Chinese urban communities, which he visited in the year 1200. There was additionally a gigantic populace development that moved its locus towards Southern China because of the fast progress of the Chinese in Song Dynasty. Also, during the Song administration Chinas populace turned out to be progressively focused toward the North of China where wheat was developed. After 1127, Song made Hangzhou the Capital in Southern China (Asia for Educators 1). This corresponded with the convergence of populace on the southern pieces of China along River Yangtze. During Songs rule, Rice was the steady harvest in Southern China and delivered more significant returns per section of land (Asia for Educators 1). Moreover, the development of the Tang Dynasty became clear when Tang restored a brought together government after the common war of China. The impact of the Tang heads at that point was stretched out to Vietnam, Korea, Southeast and Central Asia. There was the acquaintance of disarray researchers with run the legislature and Tang redistributed land laborers (Regents Prep 1). Furthermore, the rulers built up a law code that was utilized to administer the nation. Tang likewise renovated the channel framework and

100 Sociology Research Topics You Can Use Right Now

100 Sociology Research Topics You Can Use Right Now Sociology is a study of society, relationships, and culture. It can include multiple topicsâ€"ranging from class and social mobility to the Internet and marriage traditions. Research in sociology is used to inform policy makers, educators, businesses, social workers, non-profits, etc.Below are 100 sociology research topics you can use right now, divided by general topic headings. Feel free to adapt these according to your specific interest. Youll always conduct more thorough and informed research if its a topic youre passionate about.Sociology is a study of society, relationships, and culture. It can include multiple topicsâ€"ranging from class and social mobility to the Internet and marriage traditions.Art, Food, Music, and CultureDoes art imitate life or does life imitate art?How has globalization changed local culture?What role does food play in cultural identity?Does technology use affect peoples eating habits?How has fast food affected society?How can clean eating change a perso ns life for the better?Should high-sugar drinks be banned from school campuses?How can travel change a person for the better?How does music affect the thoughts and actions of teenagers?Should performance artists be held partially responsible if someone is inspired by their music to commit a crime?What are some examples of cultural misappropriation?What role does music play in cultural identity?Social Solutions and Cultural BiasesWhat (if any) are the limits of free speech in a civil society?What are some reasonable solutions to overpopulation?What are some ways in which different types of media content influence societys attitudes and behaviors?What is the solution to stop the rise of homegrown terrorism in the U.S.?Should prescription drug companies be allowed to advertise directly to consumers?Is the global warming movement a hoax? Why or why not?Should the drinking age be lowered?Should more gun control laws be enacted in the U.S.?What bias exists against people who are obese?Sho uld polygamy be legal in the U.S.? Why or why not?Should there be a legal penalty for using racial slurs?Should the legal working age of young people be raised or lowered?Should the death penalty be used in all cases involving first-degree murder?Should prisons be privately owned? Why or why not?What is privilege? How is it defined and how can it be used to gain access to American politics and positions of power?How are women discriminated against in the workplace?What role does feminism play in current American politics?What makes a patriot?Compare/analyze the social views of Plato and AristotleHow has labor migration changed America?What important skills have been lost in an industrialized West?Is the #MeToo movement an important one? Why or why not?What conflict resolution skills would best serve us in the present times?How can violence against women be dealt with to lower incidence rates?EducationShould students be allowed to take any subject they want in High School and avoid t he ones they dont like?How should bullies be dealt with in our countrys schools?Do standardized tests improve education or have the opposite effect?Should school children be forced to go through metal detectors?What is the best teacher/student ratio for enhanced learning in school?Do school uniforms decrease teasing and bullying? If so, how?Should teachers make more money?Should public education be handled through private enterprises (like charter schools)?Should religious education be given priority over academic knowledge?How can schools help impoverished students in ways that wont embarrass them?What are ethical values that should be considered in education?Is it the states role or the parents role to educate children? Or a combination of both?Should education be given more political priority than defense and war?What would a perfect educational setting look like? How would it operate and what subjects would be taught?Marriage and FamilyHow should a family be defined? Can it be m ultiple definitions?What is a traditional role taken on by women that would be better handled by a man (and vice versa)?How has marriage changed in the United States?What are the effects of divorce on children?Is there a negative effect on children who are adopted by a family whose ethnicity is different than their own?Can children receive all they need from a single parent?Does helicopter parenting negatively affect children?Is marriage outdated?Should teens have access to birth control without their parents permission?Should children be forced to show physical affection (hugs, etc.) to family members theyre uncomfortable around?What are the benefits (or negative impact) of maintaining traditional gender roles in a family?Are social networks safe for preteens and teens? Why or why not?Should the government have a say in who can get married?What (if any) are the benefits of arranged marriages?What are the benefits for (or negative impact on) children being adopted by LGBTQ couples?H ow long should two people date before they marry?Should children be forced to be involved in activities (such as sports, gymnastics, clubs, etc.), even when theyd rather sit at home and play video games all day?Should parents be required to take a parenting class before having children?What are potential benefits to being married but choosing not to have children?GenerationalShould communities take better care of their elderly? How?What are some generational differences among Generations X, Y, and Z?What benefits do elderly people get from interaction with children?How has Generation Y changed the country so far?What are the differences in communication styles between Generation X and Generation Y (Millennials)?Why could we learn from our elders that could not be learned from books?Should the elderly live with their immediate family (children and grandchildren)? How would this resolve some of our countrys current problems?What are some positive or negative consequences to intergener ational marriage?Sociology explores themes of community and relationships, including marriage and family.Spiritualism, religion, and superstitionWhy do some people believe in magic?What is the difference between religion and spiritualism?Should a government be a theocracy? Why or why not?How has religion helped (or harmed) our country?Should religious leaders be able to support a particular candidate from their pulpit?How have religious cults shaped the nation?Should students at religious schools be forced to take state tests?How has our human connection with nature changed while being trapped in crowded cities?Which generation from the past 200 years made the biggest impact on culture with their religious practice and beliefs? Explain your answer.Addiction and Mental HealthHow should our society deal with addicts?What are ethical values that should be considered in mental health treatment?Should mental health be required coverage on all insurance policies?Is mental health treatment becoming less stigmatized?How would better access to mental health change our country?What are some things were addicted to as a society that are not seen as addiction, per se?Should medicinal marijuana be made legal?What are some alternative treatments for mental health and wellness instead of antidepressants?Has social media helped or harmed our society?Are video games addictive for young people and what should be done to curb the addiction?Should all recreational drugs be made legal?How has mental health treatment changed in the past 20 years?Should recreational marijuana be made legal?How is family counseling a good option for families going through conflict?

Cyber Espionage And Cyber Terrorism - 987 Words

The World Economic Forum published a Global Risks 2015 that 90% of companies worldwide admits on having being unprepared to protect themselves from any type of cyber-attacks. Large corporations like Target and Hope Depot has been target cyber security breach. That compromise thousands of employees and customers confidential information such as the social security number and credit cards accounts. But some small business weren’t so lucky, as cyber criminals took control of their entire network and completely destroying the whole company. Cybercrime will continue to rise over the years, as more people and businesses depend on the convenient of technology. As most cybercrime goes unreported to the public and only few companies would report network attack incidents. One common attacks that the public hasn’t paid any attention is cyber espionage or spying. In this essay, I will be discussing about the Mandiant Report and its relation to the cyber espionage that has been one of the most increasing security threat to the United States and the rest of the world. At the same time knowing about its author Kevin Mandia, who is behind the controversial report. The public has the right to know about what’s in this report and hopefully learn something from the evidence that supports this issue. The Mandiant Report is a collective pieces of evidences about China’s cyber espionage unit known as the APT1. It was created by Kevin Mandia, who is former Air Force officer and the founderShow MoreRelatedInternational Terrorism And The Security Of The United Kingdom1665 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational terrorism represents the greatest threat to the security of the United Kingdom. It will begin by defining, within the context of this essay, what is meant by the concepts of national security, terrorism and international terrorism, and how international terrorism threatens our nation through both direct and indirect means. Throughout, it will identify a snapshot of the current gamut of security threats to the United Kingdom and analyse, through these threats, how international terrorism posesRead MoreProblems with Ethiopia’s Unofficial Cyber Espionage Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesEthiopia advanced in cyber espionage against its citizen’s. Innocent journalist from local and from other countries are being tortured, killed and imprisoned for speaking their opinions to the world. Ethiopia’s unofficial cyber espionage program targets innocent journalists and violates the United Nations-The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Article 19 Freedom of Expression. The purpose of this paper will address problems with Ethiopia’s unofficial cyber espionage and evaluate theRead MoreChina Saper Threat777 Words   |  4 PagesWeak USA Cyber Policy vs China’s Security Threat to the USA? Abstract A cyber spy network based mainly in China hacked into classified documents from government and private organizations. One of the biggest questions still remains unanswered. Should the U.S. Congress conduct an in depth assessment of Chinese cyber spying and consider imposing tougher penalties on companies that benefit from industrial espionage. In this paper I will review china’s cyber threat and possible USA solutionsRead MoreCyber Espionage4042 Words   |  17 PagesCyber Espionage In India Cyber espionage is an area that has recently attracted the attentions of Indian government and corporate houses alike. Both Indian government and corporate houses are the biggest loosers from cyber espionage. Sensitive information on national security and trade secrets and commercial information has been occasionally stolen through cyber espionage in India. India has been a victim of cyber espionage on many occasions where crackers operating in foreign jurisdictionsRead MoreThe Fbi Agents And The Criminal Law Of The United States1615 Words   |  7 Pagesrise. The FBI serves as the nation’s federal law enforcement and works to keep our country safe from dangers that we cannot deal with. The FBI agents have an impact on our nation because they defend us against counterfeiting, terrorist attacks and cyber-based attacks. The FBI is a treat-based and intelligence driven national security organization. There mission is to protect and defend the United States against terrorists and foreign intelligence threats, to help enforce the criminal law of the UnitedRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effects On The Environment1538 Words   |  7 Pagescriminals, terrorists, or foreign espionage for their own purposes. The movement of the nature of threats from physical to virtual dimensions has created a major shift in the development of strategies by the government around the world to meet the new challenges. In 2010, the Canadian government has published â€Å"Canada s cyber security strategy: For a stronger and more prosperous Canada†, a strategic platform to secure the Canadian cyberspace. However, although embracing cyber technology and obtain considerableRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1035 Words   |  5 PagesOver the past Century, terrorism has advanced from random killings to enormous plans for terrorist groups. To understand terrorism you must first define it. Terrorism as we all know it is hard to define and understand, and has many different definitions as it is used widely. The word terrorism stems from the word terror, which means to instill fear in. People become terrorists when they take the actions towards instilling fear and terror upon people to prove a certain point or agenda. Some terroristsRead MoreCyber Espionage Attacks And Cyber Attacks1662 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Espionage Attacks This kind of attacks differ from other types of cyber-attacks as they have a different source from where the actual attack comes from, which is mainly from within the organization that is being attacked. It may be the most difficult type of attack in which organizations are able to defend themselves from, for example if the attack is emanating from an individual that holds a high rank within the company. Taking an example of the United States where the government has a processRead MoreThe Future For National Security1496 Words   |  6 Pages As the world moves forward, there are new threats that arise and it is difficult to handle each one. One of the largest threats to any country are cyber-attacks/computer hacking. Each day on the news there is a developing story about a country’s data base being hacked by an anonymous source and all the classified files were exposed to the public. As a result, cybersecurity has increased significantly in the countries that can afford it. The United States and China have recently increased spendingRead MoreCyber Crimes Reflected Through Television Programs800 Words   |  4 PagesCyber Crimes Reflected Through Television Programs Cybercrimes are a culture which has facilitated technological criminal efforts to undermine government and private organizations in order to create disruption and panic on a large scale. Today’s television programming takes a series of intelligence type action roles, which prove the impact of post 9/11. Computer crimes have increased nationwide fears. The television series 24 is an action drama featuring a make believe personality known as Jack

The Constitution as an Artifact - 1280 Words

Abstract This paper is an analysis of the single cultural artifact that best represents the culture in which I live in today. The paper will provide a detailed analysis of the artifact and how it relates to the values and beliefs of the culture. Additionally, it will address the deep cultural roots of the artifact, the historical roots of the artifact, what allowed it to come into being and who was affected by its development. This information will come as someone trained from the humanities. There are many great artifacts that represent the culture we’re currently residing in. However, as an American and someone trained in the humanities, I believe there is no better example of this than the actual Constitution of the United†¦show more content†¦Specifically, the framers wrapped their heads around the notion that every man is created equal and should have the same chances to excel as everyone else (Williamsburg Foundation, 2005). The constitutional creators also believed in limited government, as large government hindered the rights of the people and thus stifled innovation. The roots of the constitution come from a largely pragmatic and realist base who wished to ensure that people in the future could modify the constitution as necessary. However, they would have to go through quite a bit of red-tape to do it. This would ensure nobody’s rights were trampled and that everyone agreed on the change. It was a brilliant idea. Very few documents have ever lasted through the test of time such as the United States Constitution (Williamsburg Foundation, 2005). I envision the United States Constitution standing through the next few generations. However, currently it’s under attack by the ever-growing socialist movement. The idea that government should control resources and people aren’t smart enough to do it themselves (Phyllis Shayfay report, 2009) is a tenet of the extreme left movement. The â€Å"big brother† state is consistently assaulting the constitution; basing their beliefs on the fact they believeShow MoreRelatedA Protest Over Censorship Of The Internet Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pageswith strong civil rights, such as the United States, citizens do not know what it’s like to fear being arrested for just speaking their mind. The civic artifacts examined in this paper are: an image of a protest over censorship of the internet in Turkey, and the First Amendment of the Constitution of the U nited States of America. These two artifacts show the difference in the practices and ideologies of the two countries when it comes to freedom of speech, and the use of power of the government toRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States951 Words   |  4 Pageslast for more than 100 years. The items that are left are artifacts presented in museums with no meaning to today’s world. They are there to remind people of what used to be and to help show historians mistakes that were made and possibilities to prevent them from ever happening again. Unlike the artifacts, The Constitution of the United States has not been forgotten, it is actually still very alive today. Unlike most relics, The Constitution still holds a very heroic and patriotic implication, freedomRead MoreThe Works Of The Dunham Bible Museum973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dunham Bible Museum possesses many unique and rare artifacts that are not only important to our nation’s history but also vital to the history of Christianity. One artifact that touched my heart the most and is the most exclusive item in the museum was the Francis Bailey New Testament, which is the only known complete copy of the earliest English Testament printed in the United States of America. Although this artifact may hold a huge amount of significance to historians, Americans, and mostRead MoreCultures Are What Impact And Shape The Structure Of A Civilization1444 Words   |  6 Pagesaspect of that, the artifacts of a civilization display the changes the changing that have occurred through time. Granted that, artifacts are ways of preserving the cultural history of a civilization and to show respect in regards to these hidden treasures of knowledge. With this in mind, would preserving the artifact would include exporting any artifacts back to the region of origin? If so, what if the government or civilization might not properly take care of the artifacts or if the museum isRead MoreConfederation and Constitution1483 Words   |  6 Pages| Historical Essay: | Confederation and Constitution | | Jason Sherman | | | The Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777. However, sanction of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not occur until March 1, 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, which resulted in most of the power residing with the state governmentsRead More A Guard on Religious Freedom Essay765 Words   |  4 Pagesthe freedom to subscribe to any religion they wish and promises that the government will not promote any religion above any other. Although the separation of church and state and the freedom of religion are firmly and concretely secured in the Constitution of the United States, events in the recent past bring to question whether this ideal is under threat of losing its place as an American standard. A recent controversy that brings to light the threat of the separation of church and state is theRead MoreSoviet Union Case Study1316 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation during that period. The changing requirements of a city in the eyes of Stalin is highlighted by the workers of the ‘Circus Museum in Leningrad†¦ where staff took prize artifacts and exhibits and hid them in the attics of the buildings where the museum had been housed’. The historians of Russia desired for any prized artifacts to be preserved during the rapid industrialization of the 1930s. During the 1930s, people brought to live in Moscow increased greatly causing for the government to toRead MoreIndigenous Sovereignty And The Pursuit Of Natural Resources1240 Words   |  5 Pagesyears. Article 1, Section 8, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution states that â€Å"[Congress has the power] to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes† [cite]. States are defined many times over and clearly established as a specific component of the federalist system of the United States government. Foreign nations are similarly well-defined. But the only other mention of â€Å"Indians† in the Constitution is to exclude â€Å"Indians not taxed† from being countedRead More A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans and the U.S. Constitution2293 Words   |  10 PagesA More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans and the U.S. Constitution Introduction Located on the third floor of the National Museum of American History, A More Perfect Union documents the forced relocation of thousands of Japanese Americans during World War II. The exhibit focuses on the violation of constitutional rights that occurred during this process. The purposes of this review are as follows: describe the scope, purpose, and message of the exhibit, analyze how that message is organizedRead MoreKansas Department Of Natural Resources868 Words   |  4 Pagesand may sit for hours waiting for a deer poacher to come through at two o’clock in the morning, or a thief stealing from our state properties. We swear to protect the rights, property, and lives of the citizens of Indiana. We swear to uphold the Constitution of the United States and the laws of our country. Indiana Conservation Officers are the Thin Green Line standing between the criminal elements that threaten our natural resources.† -Indiana DNR Law Enforcement Division Director Danny East

Is Christian Morality Today Too Lenient Free Essays

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, Morality is a personal or social set of standards for good or bad behavior and character, or the quality of being right, honest or acceptable. It is characteristically the way you make decisions based on what you think is right or wrong. It is this same principle that today is affecting the Christian Population. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Christian Morality Today Too Lenient or any similar topic only for you Order Now Christians are being tormented with daunting questions such as: Am I doing the right thing? Should I do the right thing even though it may end up affecting me? How come nonbelievers get to have fun and I can’t? Just because I attend church and I am a Christian, does it mean that I have to do what the church says? on a daily basis. Christian morality hasn’t changed and should not ever change. It is a constant. The New Testament reminds us that Christian Morality is a contract with God and mankind. In fact, Leviticus 19 says that we should follow his commandments and be moral; not to steal, not to lie, not to commit adultery etc. if we plan to get to heaven. However, this warning seems to be considered a fraud due the amount of people who subscribe to these laws seem to diminish every day. This, therefore, gives reason to my opinion that Christian morality is having a tough time surviving due to its leniency. As compared to years past, the principle of Christian morality has been taken advantage of. People tend to make decisions now based on social pressures and what they feel will be accepted. They believe that because the entire world is doing something, they should too or else they would be considered an outcast. Therefore, they end up making their decisions in vacuums, without a solid base. In the past, the church, the society, parents and elders had an input in guiding and helping in the decision making process of its young people. In fact, Christian Morality can be considered too tolerant as compared to the adjective lenient. For example, many people watch things in movies and television that they shouldn’t, sometimes hangout with the wrong people and think nothing of a hearing a dirty joke or something similar. They put worldly things before God- sports, entertainment, people, and their needs. A very common example in Belize is the willingness among teenagers to engage in sexual activity in spite of heir Christian moral values. Even though the Christian church has certain rules that its followers should follow, teenagers ignore them and turn on their good Christian morals. The same with the music; Christian music has meaning but because of wanting to attract youths, they use the rhythm of secular music. This cheap tactic works; however, youths are attracted to the sound of the music rather than the message. We live in a society of carnality, brutality and mortality since our motivation stems from our longing for â€Å"comfort†, â€Å"convenience† and â€Å"pleasure†. In order to achieve this, people who practice to be moral are attacked and made irrelevant. Those who defend past principles and try to practice their traditional Christian values are being put down and becoming an insignificant minority. Liberal institutions condemn the church for its Christian moral values and try to instill in our youths immorality and unethical values. I believe that the Christian Church need not change their morals but try to become stricter while still keeping their traditional values and hopefully a spark of hope will be lit. How to cite Is Christian Morality Today Too Lenient, Essay examples

Research Paper on Carbon Nanotubes Essay Example

Research Paper on Carbon Nanotubes Essay Carbon nanotubes are elongated cylindrical structures with a diameter of one to several tens of nanometers and length up to several microns comprised of one or more hexagonal planes of graphite (graphene) rolled into a nanotube, usually ended with hemispherical head. Carbon nanotubes, discovered in 1991, can be single-walled or multi-layered. Accordingly, the diameter of these nanotubes is in the range of 0.4 – 500 nm, with a length from 1 micron to several tens of micrometers (and even tens of cm in the synthesis of long fibers). These nanotubes are formed by the decomposition of carbon-gases (CH4, C2H4, C2H2, CO, S6N6 vapor, etc.) on catalytically active surfaces of metals (Fe, Co, Ni, etc.) in t-Rahim 300 – 1500  ° C. They can take a variety of forms, from straight to twisted fibers (including spirals). The main feature of these carbon nanostructures, as well as fullerenes, are their frame structure. Identified natural forms of carbon nanotubes (e.g., shung) can be produced artificially. It is found that the natural nanotubes are formed during the processing of carbon-biological tissue by specific fungus, discovered, particularly in karstic caves of New Zealand and in Karelia (Shung field). We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Carbon Nanotubes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Carbon Nanotubes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Carbon Nanotubes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are metallic and semiconducting nanotubes. Metallic nanotubes conduct electricity even at absolute zero temperature, while the conductivity of semiconducting nanotubes is zero at absolute zero and increases with increasing temperature. Technically speaking, semiconducting nanotubes have a band gap. This applies to simple single-walled nanotubes. When in the real world you can often see multilayered nanotubes, which can be presented as a few single-walled nanotubes nested into one another (so-called â€Å"Russian dolls†). Single-walled and multilayered coaxial nanotubes are formed by rolling strips of flat grid nuclear graphite in seamless cylinders. The inner diameter of carbon nanotubes can vary from 0.4 to a few nanometers, and the internal volume may contain other compounds. Single-layer nanotubes have fewer defects, and after high-temperature annealing in an inert atmosphere, defect-free nanotubes can be obtained. Nanotube type structure affects its chemical, electronic, and mechanical properties. Individual nanotubes are aggregated to form the different types of aggregates with cracks. Students writing their research proposal on the subject may use free sample or example research paper topics on carbon nanotubes, from which they may learn that multilayered nanotubes are different from single-walled by a wider range of shapes and configurations. Various types of structure are both longitudinal and in the transverse direction. The structure of the â€Å"Russian dolls† is a set of coaxially nested single-walled cylindrical nanotubes. Another kind of structure, is a set of nested coaxial prisms. For all the above-mentioned structures, the distance between adjacent graphene layers is close to the value of 0.34 nm characteristic, corresponding to the crystal planes of graphite. Implementation of a structure in a given situation depends on the experimental conditions of the nanotubes synthesis. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research paper on Carbon Nanotube topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all research paper details: Enjoy our professional research paper writing service!

HL

The Best IB Chemistry Study Guide and Notes for SL/HL SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips IB Chemistry may not be quite as easy as this penguin makes it seems. So to help you out, I have compiled the best FREE online IB Chemistry Study Guides and Notes into one helpful article. I've organized this IB Chemistry Study Guide using the order laid out in the IB Chemistry Syllabus. How to Use This IB Chemistry Study Guide If there is one specific topic that you need more help with, use the Command + F function on your computer to search this guide for that subject. So, if you hope to read about The Mole Concept, use Command + F to bring up the search function. Type in â€Å"Mole Concept† and it will bring up all of the study materials for The Mole Concept. If you are looking for summary material to help you study for the IB Chemistry papers, check out the Overall Reviews section for great overall study resources. I've listed the notes and guides by topic. You should glance at this article during the school year to help you study for in-class tests and quizzes if you need more assistance or if you struggled to understand certain lectures in your IB Chemistry course. If you want additional help, read our article on the best IB Chemistry books to find additional study resources. You should be learning the material over the course of the school year and not cramming right before the IB Chemistry papers. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Common Errors IB Chemistry Students Make When Studying Many students struggle with IB Chemistry SL/HL. There are so many subjects to learn, and you cannot fall behind. You need to be learning during the school year in order to ace the IB Chemistry papers. Common errors students make when studying are: #1: Avoiding the topics you didn't fully comprehend in class. If you did not learn it in the classroom, you need to seek additional assistance whether through this IB Chemistry study guide, IB Chemistry books, or through tutoring. #2: Only studying a week or two before the IB Chemistry Exam. There are way too many topics to master in only a week or two (which is why the course is taught over one to two years). So, master the subjects as you learn them in class. Use this study guide if you need more help comprehending the topics you cover in class. Otherwise, you will be as nervous as this kid during the test. Core- 95 hours for SL and HL Both IB Chemistry SL and HL have the same core requirements. They consist of 95 hours and cover the topics listed below. Topic 1: Stoichiometric Relationships- 13.5 hours for SL and HL Notes on Mole Concept and Avogadro’s Constant Notes on all of Stoichiometry Stoichiometry Videos and Notes 1.1: Introduction to the particulate nature of matter and chemical change notes 1.2: Mole concept notes 1.3: Reacting masses and volumes notes Topic 2: Atomic Structure- 6 hours for SL and HL Notes on Atomic Theory Atomic Structure Videos and Notes 2.1: Nuclear atom notes 2.2: Electron configuration notes Topic 3: Periodicity- 6 hours for SL and HL Notes on Periodicity Periodicity Videos and Notes 3.1: Periodic table notes 3.2: Periodic trends notes Topic 4: Chemical bonding and structure- 13.5 hours for SL and HL Notes on Bonding Bonding Videos and Notes 4.1: Ionic bonding and structure notes 4.2: Covalent bonding notes 4.3: Covalent structures notes 4.4: Intermolecular forces notes 4.5: Metallic bonding notes Topic 5: Energetics/Thermochemistry- 9 hours for SL and HL Notes on Energetics Energetics Videos and Notes 5.1: Measuring energy changes notes 5.2: Hess's Law notes 5.3: Bond enthalpies Topic 6: Chemical Kinetics- 7 hours for SL and HL Notes on Kinetics Kinetics Videos and Notes 6.1: Collision theory and rates of reaction Topic 7: Equilibrium- 4.5 hours for SL and HL Notes on Equilibrium Equilibrium Study Guide Equilibrium Videos and Notes 7.1: Equilibrium notes Topic 8: Acids and Bases- 6.5 hours for SL and HL Notes on Acids and Bases Acids and Bases Study Guide Acids and Bases Videos and Notes 8.1: Theory of acids and bases notes 8.2: Properties of acids and bases notes 8.3: The pH scale notes 8.4: Strong and weak acids and bases notes 8.5: Acid deposition notes Topic 9: Redox Processes- 8 hours for SL and HL Oxidation and Reduction Study Guide Redox Processes Videos and Notes 9.1: Oxidation and reduction notes 9.2: Electrochemical cells notes Topic 10: Organic Chemistry- hours for SL and HL Organic Chemistry Study Guide Organic Chemistry Videos and Notes 10.1: Fundamentals of organic chemistry notes 10.2: Functional group chemistry notes Topic : Measurement and Data Processing- 10 hours for SL and HL Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds Study Guide Measurement Videos and Notes .1: Uncertainties and errors in measurements and results notes .2: Graphical techniques notes .3: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds notes Additional Higher Level (AHL)- 60 hours for HL You will only study the ten topics listed below if you're in IB Chemistry HL; the standard level doesn't cover these topics. Topic 12: Atomic Structure- 2 hours Atomic Structure Study Guide 12.1: Electrons in atoms notes Topic 13: The Periodic Table: Transition Metals- 4 hours Periodic Table Study Guide 13.1: First row d-block elements notes 13.2: Coloured complexes notes Topic 14: Chemical Bonding and Structure- 7 hours Chemical Bonding and Structure Notes 14.1: Covalent bonding and electron domain and molecular geometrics notes 14.2: Hybridization notes Topic 15: Energetics/Thermochemistry- 7 hours Notes on Energetics 15.1: Energy cycles notes 15.2: Entropy and spontaneity notes Topic 16: Chemical Kinetics- 6 hours Videos on Chemical Kinetics 16.1: Rate expression and reaction mechanism notes 16.2: Activation energy notes Okay, you may not get to do this. Topic 17: Equilibrium- 4 hours Notes on Equilibrium 17.1: Equilibrium law notes Topic 18: Acids and Bases- 10 hours Notes on Acids and Bases 18.1: Lewis acids and bases notes 18.2: Calculations involving acids and bases notes 18.3: pH curves notes Topic 19: Redox Processes- 6 hours Notes on Oxidation and Reduction 19.1: Electrochemical cells notes Topic 20: Organic Chemistry- 12 hours Notes on Stereoisomerism 20.1: Types of organic reactions notes 20.2: Synthetic routes notes 20.3: Stereoisomerism Topic 21: Measurement and Analysis- 2 hours Videos on Measurement and Data Processing 21.1: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds notes Option- 15 hours for SL and 25 hours for HL Unfortunately, there are no free online study guides for the options, but look at our article on IB Chemistry books to find books that review the options topics. Overall IB Chemistry Reviews IB Chemistry HL 31 Common Mistakes: Richard Thornley, the author of this video, has several other helpful videos on IB Chemistry SL and HL available for free on YouTube IB Chemistry Web: This site goes over the syllabus in-depth and explains key definitions and facts you need to know. What’s Next? Want more of a review of what you'll learn in IB Chemistry? Then check out our in-depth guide to the IB Chemistry syllabus: SL and HL and our tips on balancing chemical equations. A prep book can be an extremely useful study tool. Learn which are the best IB Chemistry textbooks by reading our guide. How much do you know about the chemical properties of everyday things? Discover how to use muriatic acid to remove rust from your pots and pans and the effect of adding and removing certain ingredients to create the ultimate slime. Are you hoping to squeeze in some extra IB classes? Learn about the IB courses offered online. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Peoples Republic of China Facts and History

Peoples Republic of China Facts and History The history of China reaches back over 4,000 years. In that time, China has created a culture rich in philosophy and the arts. China has seen the invention of amazing technologies such as silk, paper, gunpowder, and many other products. Over the millennia, China has fought hundreds of wars. It has conquered its neighbors, and been conquered by them in turn. Early Chinese explorers such as Admiral Zheng He sailed all the way to Africa; today, Chinas space program continues this tradition of exploration. This snapshot of the Peoples Republic of China today includes a necessarily brief scan of Chinas ancient heritage. Capital and Major Cities Capital: Beijing, population 11 million. Major Cities: Shanghai, population 15 million. Shenzhen, population 12 million. Guangzhou, population 7 million. Hong Kong, population 7 million. Dongguan, population 6.5 million. Tianjin, population 5 million. Government The Peoples Republic of China is a socialist republic ruled by a single party, the Communist Party of China. Power in the Peoples Republic is divided between the National Peoples Congress (NPC), the President, and the State Council. The NPC is the single legislative body, whose members are selected by the Communist Party. The State Council, headed by the Premier, is the administrative branch. The Peoples Liberation Army also wields considerable political power. The current President of China and General Secretary of the Communist Party is Xi Jinping. The Premier is Li Keqiang. Official Language The official language of the PRC is Mandarin, a tonal language in the Sino-Tibetan family. Within China, however, only about 53 percent of the population can communicate in Standard Mandarin. Other important languages in China include Wu, with 77 million speakers; Min, with 60 million; Cantonese, 56 million speakers; Jin, 45 million speakers; Xiang, 36 million; Hakka, 34 million; Gan, 29 million; Uighur, 7.4 million; Tibetan, 5.3 million; Hui, 3.2 million; and Ping, with 2 million speakers. Dozens of minority languages also exist in the PRC, including Kazakh, Miao, Sui, Korean, Lisu, Mongolian, Qiang, and Yi. Population China has the largest population of any country on Earth, with more than 1.35 billion people. The government has long been concerned about population growth  and introduced the One-Child Policy in 1979. Under this policy, families were limited to just one child. Couples who got pregnant for a second time faced forced abortions or sterilization. This policy was loosened in December of 2013 to allow couples to have two children if one or both of the parents were only children themselves. There are exceptions to the policy for ethnic minorities, as well. Rural Han Chinese families also have always been able to have a second child if the first is a girl or has disabilities. Religion Under the communist system, religion has been officially discouraged in China. Actual suppression has varied from one religion to another, and from year to year. Many Chinese are nominally Buddhist and/or Taoist  but dont practice regularly. People who self-identify as Buddhist total about 50 percent, overlapping with the 30 percent who are Taoist. Fourteen percent are atheists, four percent Christians, 1.5 percent Muslims, and tiny percentages are Hindu, Bon, or Falun Gong adherents. Most Chinese Buddhists follow Mahayana or Pure Land Buddhism, with smaller populations of Theravada and Tibetan Buddhists. Geography Chinas area is 9.5 to 9.8 million square kilometers; the discrepancy is due to border disputes with India. In either case, its size is second only to Russia in Asia  and is either third or fourth in the world. China borders 14 countries: Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burma, India, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam. From the worlds tallest mountain to the coast, and the Taklamakan desert to the jungles of Guilin, China includes diverse landforms. The highest point is Mt. Everest (Chomolungma) at 8,850 meters. The lowest is Turpan Pendi, at -154 meters. Climate As a result of its large area and various landforms, China includes climate zones from subarctic to tropical. Chinas northern province of Heilongjiang has average winter temperatures below freezing, with record lows of -30 degrees Celsius. Xinjiang, in the west, can reach nearly 50 degrees. Southern Hainan Island has a tropical monsoon climate. Average temperatures there range only from about 16 degrees Celsius in January to 29 in August. Hainan receives about 200 centimeters (79 inches) of rain annually. The western Taklamakan Desert receives only about 10 centimeters (4 inches) of rain and snow per year. Economy Over the past 25 years, China has had the fastest-growing major economy in the world, with annual growth of more than 10 percent. Nominally a socialist republic, since the 1970s the PRC has remade its economy into a capitalist powerhouse. Industry and agriculture are the largest sectors, producing more than 60 percent of Chinas GDP, and employing over 70 percent of the workforce. China exports $1.2 billion U.S. in consumer electronics, office machinery, and apparel, as well as some agricultural produce each year. The per capita GDP is $2,000. The official poverty rate is 10 percent. Chinas currency is the yuan renminbi. As of March 2014, $1 US 6.126 CNY. History of China Chinese historical records reach back into the realm of legend, 5,000 years ago. It is impossible to cover even the major events of this ancient culture in a short space, but here are some highlights. The first non-mythical dynasty to rule China was the Xia (2200- 1700 BCE), founded by Emperor Yu. It was succeeded by the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE), and then the Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE). Historical records are scanty for these ancient dynastic times. In 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huangdi assumed the throne, conquering neighboring city-states, and unifying China. He founded the Qin Dynasty, which lasted only until 206 BCE. Today, he is best-known for his tomb complex in Xian (formerly Changan), which houses the incredible army of terracotta warriors. Qin Shi Huangs inept heir was overthrown by the army of commoner Liu Bang in 207 BCE. Liu then founded the Han Dynasty, which lasted until 220 CE. In the Han era, China expanded west as far as India, opening trade along what would later become the Silk Road. When the Han Empire collapsed in 220 CE, China was thrown into a period of anarchy and turmoil. For the next four centuries, dozens of kingdoms and fiefdoms competed for power. This era is called the Three Kingdoms, after the three most powerful of the rival realms (Wei, Shu, and Wu), but that is a gross simplification. By 589 CE, the Western branch of the Wei kings had accumulated enough wealth and power to defeat their rivals  and unite China once more. The Sui Dynasty was founded by Wei general Yang Jian  and ruled until 618 CE. It built the legal, governmental, and societal framework for the powerful Tang Empire to follow. The Tang Dynasty was founded by a general called Li Yuan, who had the Sui emperor assassinated in 618. The Tang ruled from 618 to 907 CE, and Chinese art and culture flourished. At the end of the Tang, China descended into chaos again in the 5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms period. In 959, a palace guard named Zhao Kuangyin took power and defeated the other small kingdoms. He established the Song Dynasty (960-1279), known for its intricate bureaucracy and Confucian learning. In 1271, the Mongolian ruler Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis) established the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). The Mongols subjugated other ethnic groups including the Han Chinese  and eventually were overthrown by the ethnic-Han Ming. China flowered again under the Ming (1368-1644), creating great art and exploring as far as Africa. The final Chinese dynasty, the Qing, ruled from 1644 to 1911, when  the  Last Emperor  was overthrown.  Power struggles between warlords such as Sun Yat-Sen touched off the Chinese Civil War. Although the war was interrupted for a decade by the Japanese invasion and World War II, it picked up again once Japan was defeated. Mao Zedong and the Communist Peoples Liberation Army won the Chinese Civil War, and China became the Peoples Republic of China in 1949. Chiang Kai Shek, leader of the losing Nationalist forces, fled to Taiwan.

EXTRA CREDIT ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EXTRA CREDIT ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Is it doing all the noise of sustainable production to create attention of the market? I begin my discussion wherein Chipotle is asked by Trilium Asset Management, a consortium of institutional investors, to submit sustainability report in its annual report to know if company follows environmental, social, and governance practices. Chipotle as of 2014 has not submitted such report, while other companies in its industry category have already obliged. (Patton, L.2015). This evasive action puts some doubts on my mind about the honesty of the company. I question also its honesty because a study comparing Chipotle and McDonalds, showed Chipotle food has more calories. (Fotrell, Q.2014). It is like fooling the people. Despite of this, people perceived Chipotle’s food as a better quality, thus company has managed to create â€Å"healthy halo† around the product. The customization (a system where they can choose their own ingredient) and preparing the food in front of customers did wonders, plus its assurance that Chipotle is constantly seeking fresh and sustainable grown food sources. To me, the â€Å"healthy halo† effect means a protective perception when Chipotle put the word â€Å"food with integrity† and organic foods, so people assume that the food is healthy. However, following evidences convinced me to believe Ells supports sustainability not only in words but in practice. According to Chipotle’s own website Ells has been buying naturally raised pork since 1999. He partners with local suppliers to be assured of the quality of its vegetables and meat are in compliance with the quality standards of Chipotle. Company is an advocate of raising animals in humane way, never given hormones and fed vegan way. Local produce of farms should only be within 560 kilometer of the restaurant to be assured of freshness (Chipotle.com) My belief is based on acts and

Drug-Free Workplace Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drug-Free Workplace Campaign - Essay Example Through this mandate, the government has enjoined employers to enforce the drug laws and require employees to take the drug test. The government has also required its own work force, contractors and transport utilities to undergo the same. The 1977 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (no latest data available) showed that 47% of respondents said their employers comply with drug testing. This report showed as many as 50 million drug tests are performed every year in the US, generating revenue of $1.5 billion. Several companies have credited drug-free workplace as a savings in its economic sense, although direct benefit relations cannot be arrived at. For instance, elaws, in 2008 report, noted that after implementing a drug-free workplace, Warner Corp. a small plumbing company in Washington, has saved $485,000 in one year. The company has attributed this savings from a decrease number of accidents in the workplace resulting to lower vehicle insurance premium and lower worker’s compensation cost. The drug-free atmosphere in the company has also attracted applicants and apprentices that has given the company additional savings. Employers who ascribed to this policy noticed a remarkable efficiency increase in the workplace. The US Dept. of Labor said that according to the American Management Association, that as a result of increased awareness on drug testing, human resource managers have assessed perceived effectiveness from â€Å"50 percent in 1987 to 90 percent in 1996†. Jacob Sultum, in a 2002 report, said that back in the 1990s when the news about the epidemic of drug abuse on America came out, employers became scared and started considering drug testing. They do not want some crazy people in the company doing catastrophe and killing someone Drug testing incurs some cost both for the employer and the employees. In 1995, the average annual cost for company sponsored testing for an employee is $26.59 and for $21.47 for

Cybernetics and the Security-State :: Wiener Government Mechanics Papers

Cybernetics and the Security-State The mastery of nature, so the imperialists teach, is the purpose of technology. But who would trust a cane wielder who proclaimed the mastery of children by adults to be the purpose of education? Is not education above all the indispensable ordering of the relationship between generations and therefore mastery, if we are to use this term, of the relationship and not of children? And likewise technology is not the mastery of nature and man. Men as a species completed their development thousands of years ago; but mankind as a species is just beginning his. In technology a physis is being organized through which mankind's contact with the cosmos takes a new and different form from that which it had in nations and families. . . . The paroxysm of genuine cosmic experience is not tied to that tiny fragment of nature that we are accustomed to call 'Nature'. In the nights of annihilation of the last war the frame of mankind was shaken by a feeling that resembled the bliss of the epil eptic. And the revolts that followed it were the first attempt of mankind to bring the new body under its control. -- Walter Benjamin, One Way Street, 1925-26 Garry Kasparov lost to Deep Blue on May 11, 1997. The event itself had almost no affect on the daily life of the general populace in and of itself, and in fact had been considered inevitable for some time. Even so, commentators read awful portent into the fact that the chess grandmaster, dubbed "Humanity's Champ," was beaten by the IBM computer. USA Today was not alone in asking, "Are computers backing humans into a corner?" With rare exception, after the initial hype died down the media reassured us that we were in no immediate danger of computers turning against us and taking over the planet, at least not actively. Chess, we were assured, is susceptible to the type of "simple" brute force calculations a computer can do. Understanding natural language, recognizing speech and handwriting, and analyzing images require work of a different sort, a "common sense" that has so far eluded most artificial intelligence researchers. Unlike human babies (an admittedly loaded example) , computers have trouble interacting with and learning about the "real world" except within strictly defined parameters.

Why teams don’t work?

Here are some reports from the field, cited by Osborn, Moran, Mushiest, and Zinger (1990) in Self-Directed Work Teams: The New American Challenge. At Xerox, the authors report, Plants using work teams are 30 percent more productive than conventionally organized plants. Procter & Gamble gets 30 to 40 percent higher productivity at its 18 team-based plants†¦. Tektronix Inc. Reports that one self-directed work team now turns out as many products in 3 days as it once took an entire assembly line to produce in 14 days†¦. Federal Express cut service glitches such as incorrect bills and lost packages by 13 percent†¦.Shenandoah Life processes 50 percent more applications and customer service requests using work teams, with 10 percent fewer people. (up. 5-6) Heady stuff, that, and it is reinforced by back-cover blurbs. Tom Peters: â€Å"Selfridges work teams are the cornerstone of improved competitiveness .. † . Bob Waterman: â€Å"Self-Directed Work Teams seems too goo d to be true: dramatic improvement in productivity and a happier, more committed, more flexible work force. Yet †¦ They do just what they promise for the likes of P&G, GE, and Ford. † It makes sense. Teams bring more resources, and more diverse resources, to bear J.Richard Hickman ; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Theory and Research on Small Groups, edited by R. Scott Tindal et al. Plenum Press, New York, 1998. 245 246 on a task than could any single performer. Moreover, teams offer flexibility in the use of those resources-?the capability to quickly redeploy member talents and energies and to keep the work going even when some members are unavailable. Teams composed of people from different units can transcend traditional functional and organizational barriers and get members pulling together toward collective objectives.And, of course, teams offer the potential for synergy, that wonderful state when a group â€Å"clicksâ⠂¬ and members achieve something together that no one of them could possibly have accomplished alone. These are major benefits, worthy of the attention of the leaders of any purposive enterprise. No wonder Steersman found teams to be so popular. But there is a puzzle here. Research evidence about team performance shows that teams usually do less well-?not better-?than the sum of their members' individual contributions. I first encountered this bleak fact as a beginning doctoral student at he University of Illinois.In a course on group dynamics, Ivan Steiner put on the board his now well-known equation: AP = UP – PL; that is, the actual productivity of a group equals its potential productivity (what the team is theoretically capable of, given the resources brought by members) minus what he called process losses such as coordination and motivational problems (Steiner, 1972). I was surprised that there was no term for process gains, the synergistic benefits that can emerge when people work together. The model, I thought, should really read: AP = UP – PL + PEG. It turns out hat there is no empirical Justification for that extra term.When interacting teams are compared to â€Å"nominal† groups (I. E. , groups that never meet, whose output is constructed by combining the separate contributions of those who would have been members), nominal groups usually win. And when Steiner's models miss the mark in empirical studies, the problem usually is that groups fail to achieve even the relatively modest performance targets specified by those models. At least for groups in the experimental laboratory. Maybe the laboratory context is so constraining that groups do not have the elbow room to show what they can do.Maybe the real advantages of groups are only to be found in organizational practice. I came up short on this hypothesis as well, this time at the hands of Bill Hicks, an editor at Josses- Bass. My colleagues and I had completed an intensive stud y of some 33 different work groups of all different kinds-?athletic teams, industrial production workers, top management teams, prison guards, airline crews, economic analysts, and more. We pulled our findings together in a book that I proposed be titled Groups That Work, a catchy phrase with what I thought to be a clever pun.Bill sat me down and said he'd e happy to publish the book, but not with that title: There were Just too many groups in our study that barely worked at all. I went back to the manuscript and found that he was right. Probably 4 of our 33 groups were actually effective teams. The rest had problems so severe that our analysis was mainly about what had gone wrong with them. So the book was published with a parenthetical phrase after my clever title: Groups That Work (And Those That Don't). Anyone who actually reads through it will discover, as Bill did, that most of our groups lie within the parentheses. Moreover, the preface of the book offers a cautionary note ab out team effectiveness, based on the experience of the authors who wrote it. The book took 9 years to be completed, mainly because our own team suffered a near-total collapse midway through the project. 247 Other in-depth studies of real groups performing real work provide additional reasons for concern-?such Irving Jinni's (1982) well-known demonstration that even highly cohesive groups composed of well-qualified, well-motivated people sometimes fall into a pattern of â€Å"grouping†that can yield disastrous policy recommendations.What, then, are we to make of all the team successes reported in the managerial literature? It is possible, of course, that the published claims are exaggerated, as writers have sought to catch the wave of enthusiasm about teams-?to sell books, to build consulting practices, to market training programs, to become team gurus. That is not a sufficient explanation. Indeed, I trust the accuracy of the numbers about productivity and service gains that a re reported in the popular books about teams. My concern, instead, is whether those numbers really mean what they seem to mean.Consider first the attributions that are made about the causes of team successes. After teams have been implemented in an organizational unit, its performance habitually is compared to that of a conventional unit (or, perhaps, to the same one before teams were installed). Such comparisons are fraught with interpretive ambiguities, because there invariably are many differences between the units compared-? in technologies, labor markets, senior managers, and so on. It almost never is the case that the only change is that work previously done by individuals is now performed by teams.Was it the teams that generated the improvements, or was it one of the other differences between the units? It is not possible to know for sure. 2 Questions also can be raised about the staying power of any performance improvements obtained when teams are installed. The implementati on of any new management program, be it self-managing teams or anything else, invariably involves intense scrutiny of the unit where the changes will occur. Taking a close look at any work unit that has been operating for a while almost always surfaces some inefficiencies and poor work procedures.These incidental problems are corrected as part of the change process-?it would be foolish not to. But in making those corrections, an interpretive ambiguity is introduced. Was it the team design that resulted in the improvements found, or was it that a shoddy work system was shaped p? Virtually any intervention that is not itself destructive has a better-than-even chance of generating short-term improvements, simply because of the value of intently inspecting a work system. This, in addition to any benefits from the well- known â€Å"Hawthorne effect† (Rotisseries & Dickson, 1939).The question, then, is whether short-term improvements associated with the introduction of teams are su stained over time as the newness wears off and inefficiencies begin to creep back into the system. Again, it is not possible to know for sure-?at least not without an appropriate longitudinal research design. 2 The solution to this problem, of course, is to conduct experimental research on the impact of team designs for work, because true experiments allow unambiguous inferences to be drawn about the causes of any effects obtained.Unfortunately, experiments are rarely a viable option for comparing team and traditional work designs in organizations. For one thing, the level of experimenter control required in such studies (I. E. , to randomly assign people to teams and teams to experimental conditions) would not be tolerated by most managers who have work to get out. And even if an organization were found in which managers would relinquish such control to experimenters, there would be serious questions about the generalization of findings obtained in such an unusual place (Hickman, 1 985). 248 So what is going on here?How can we reconcile the amazing reports from the field about the benefits of teams with the gloomy picture that has emerged from scholarly research on group performance? Do teams generate the benefits for their organizations that are claimed for them, or do they not? 3 My observations of teams in organizations suggest that teams tend to clump at both ends of the effectiveness continuum. Teams that go sour often do so in multiple ways -?clients are dissatisfied with a team's work, members become frustrated and disillusioned, and the team becomes ever weaker as a performing unit.Such teams are easily outperformed by smoothly functioning traditional units. On the other hand, teams that function well can indeed achieve a level of synergy and agility that never could be preprogrammed by organization planners or enforced by external managers. Members of such teams respond to their clients and to each other quickly and creatively, generating both superb performance and ever-increasing personal ND collective capability. Teams, then, are somewhat akin to audio amplifiers: Whatever passes through the device-?be it signal or noise-?comes out louder.To ask whether organizational performance improves when teams are used to accomplish work is to ask a question that has no general answer. A more tractable question, and the one explored in the remainder of this chapter, is what differentiates those teams that go into orbit and achieve real synergy from those that crash and bum. As we will see, the answer to this second question has much more to do with how teams are trucked and supported than with any inherent virtues or liabilities of teams as performing units.Mistakes Managers Make In the course of several research projects, my colleagues and I have identified a number of mistakes that designers and leaders of work groups sometimes make. What follows is a summary of the six most pernicious of these mistakes, along with the actions that th ose who create and lead work teams in organizations can take to avoid them. 4 Mistake l: Use a Team for Work That Is Better Done by Individuals There are some tasks that only a team can do, such as performing a string quartet or arraying out a multiparty negotiation.There are other tasks, however, that are inimical to team work. One such task is creative writing. Not many great novels, There is a large and diverse published literature on the performance of self-managing teams. Here is a â€Å"starter set† of illustrative and informative pieces: Cohen and Leotard (1994), Sorcery, Mueller, and Smith (1991), Gun (1984), Jackson, Malarkey, and Parker (1994), Pops and Marcus (1980), Wall, Kemp, Jackson, and College (1986), and Walton (1980). Some of the material in the next section is adapted from Hickman (1990). 3 Why Teams Downtown's 249 symphonic scores, or epic poems have been written by teams. Such tasks involve bringing to the surface, organizing, and expressing thoughts and ideas that are but partially formed in one's mind (or, in some cases, that lie deep in one's unconscious), and they are inherently better suited for individual than for collective performance.Even committee reports-?mundane products compared to novels, poems, and musical scores-?invariably turn out better when written by one talented individual on behalf of a group than by the group as a whole working in lockstep. The same is true for executive leadership. For all the attention being given to top management teams these days, my reading of the management literature is that successful organizations almost always are led by a single, talented and courageous human being.Among the many executive functions that are better accomplished by an exceptional individual than by an interacting team is the articulation of a challenging and inspiring collective direction. Here, for example, is a mission statement copied from a poster in a company cafeteria: â€Å"Our mission is to provide quality products and arrives that meet the needs of individuals and businesses, allowing us to prosper and provide a fair return to our stockholders. Although I do not know how that particular statement was prepared, I would be willing to wager that it was hammered out by a committee over many long meetings. The most engaging and powerful statements of corporate vision, by contrast, invariably are the product of a single intelligence, set forth by a leader willing to take the risk of establishing collective purposes that lie Just beyond what others believe to be the limits of the organization's capability. Beyond creative writing and executive leadership, there are many other kinds of tasks that are better done by individuals than by teams.It is a mistake-a common one and often a fatal one-?to use a team for work that requires the exercise of powers that reside within and are best expressed by individual human beings. Mistake 2: Call the Performing Unit a Team but Really Manage Members as To reap the benefits of teamwork, one must actually build a team. Real teams are bounded social systems whose members are interdependent for a shared purpose, and who interact as a unit with other individuals and groups in achieving that repose (Alder, 1977).Teams can be small or large, face-to-face or electronically connected, and temporary or permanent. Only if a group is so large, loosely connected, or short-lived that members cannot operate as an intact social system does the entity cease to be a team. Managers sometimes attempt to capture the benefits of teamwork by simply declaring that some set of people (often everyone who reports to the same supervisor) is now a team and that members should henceforth behave accordingly.Real teams cannot be created that way. Instead, explicit action must be taken to establish and affirm the team's boundaries, to define the task for which members are collectively responsible, and to give the team the autonomy members need to manage both thei r 250 own team processes and their relations with external entities such as clients and coworkers. Creating and launching real teams is not something that can be accomplished casually, as is illustrated by research on airline cockpit crews.It is team functioning, rather than mechanical problems or the technical proficiency of individual pilots, that is at the root of most airline accidents (Helices & Focuses, 1993). Crews are especially vulnerable when they are Just starting out: the National Transportation Safety Board (NTIS) found that 73% of the accidents in its database occurred on the crew's first day of flying together, and 44% of those accidents happened on the crews very first flight (National Transportation Safety Board, 1994, up. 0-41). Other research has shown that experienced crews, even when fatigued, perform significantly better than do rested crews whose members have not worked together (Focuses, Lubber, Battle, & Comb, 1986), and that a competent preflight briefing b y he captain can help reduce a crew's exposure to the liabilities of newness (Gannett, 1993). This substantial body of research has clear policy implications.Crews should be kept intact over time, preflight briefings should be standard practice, and captains should be trained in the skills needed to conduct briefings that get crews off to a good start (Hickman, 1993). Yet in most airlines, crew composition is constantly changing because of the long-standing practice, enforced by labor contracts, of assigning pilots to trips, positions, and aircraft as individuals-?usually on the basis of seniority bidding system. Virtually all U. S. Airlines now do require that crew briefings be held.Yet captains receive little training in how to conduct a good one, some briefings are quite cursory (e. G. , â€Å"Let's the social hour over real quick so we can get on out to the airplane†), and schedules can get so hectic that crew members may not even have time for proper introductions, let a lone a briefing, before they start to fly together. Creating and launching real teams is a significant challenge in organizations such as airlines that have deeply rooted policies and practices that are oriented primarily toward individuals rather than teams.To try to capture the benefits of teamwork in such organizations, managers sometimes opt for a mixed model in which some parts of the work and the reward system are structured for individual performance, whereas other parts require teamwork and provide team- based rewards. Research has shown that such compromises rarely work well. Mixed models send contradictory signals to members, engender confusion about who is responsible and accountable for what portions of the work, and generally underperformed both individual and real-team models (Washman, 1995).If the performing unit is to be a team, then it should be a real team-?and it should be managed as such. Mistake 3: Fall Off the Authority Balance Beam The exercise of authority cr eates anxiety, especially when one must balance between assigning a team authority for some parts of the work and withholding it for other parts. Because both managers and team members tend to be uncomfortable in 251 such situations, they may implicitly collude to â€Å"clarifying is really in charge of the work.Sometimes the result is the assignment of virtually all authority to the team-? which can result in anarchy or in a team heading off in an inappropriate direction. Other times, managers retain all authority for themselves, dictating work procedures in detail to team members and, in the process, losing many of the advantages that can accrue from team work. To maintain an appropriate balance of authority between managers and teams requires that anxieties be managed rather than minimized. Moreover, it is insufficient merely to decide how much authority a team should have.Equally important are the domains of authority that are assigned to teams and retained by managers. Our res earch suggests that team effectiveness is enhanced when managers are unapologetic and insistent about exercising their own legitimate authority about direction, the end states the team is to pursue. Authority about the means by which those ends are accomplished, however, should rest squarely with the team itself. 5 Contrary to traditional wisdom about participative management, to authoritatively set a clear, engaging direction for a team is to empower, not deplorer, it.Having clear direction helps align team efforts with the objectives of the parent organization, provides members with a criterion to use in choosing among various means for pursuing those objectives, and fosters the motivational engagement of team members. When direction is absent or unclear, members may wallow in uncertainty about what they should be doing and may even have difficulty generating the motivation to do much of anything. Few design choices are more consequential for the long-term well-being of teams than those that address the partitioning of authority between managers and teams.It takes skill to accomplish this well, and it is a skill that has emotional and behavioral as well as cognitive components. Just knowing the rules for partitioning authority is insufficient; one also needs some practice in applying those rules in situations where anxieties, including one's own, are likely to be high. 6 Especially challenging are the early stages of a group's life (when well-meaning managers may be tempted to give away too much authority) and when the going gets rough (when the temptation is to take authority back too soon).The management of authority relations with task- performing groups is much like walking a balance beam, and our evidence suggests that it takes a good measure of knowledge, skill, and perseverance to keep from falling off. As used here, the terms manager and team refer to conventional organizational arrangements in which some individuals (â€Å"managers†) are auth orized to structure work for performance by other organization members. Teams that have been given the authority to monitor and manage their own work processes are therefore called â€Å"self-managing. In some circumstances, teams also have the authority to set their own direction. Examples include physicians in a small-group practice, a professional string quartet, and a mom-and-pop grocery store. These kinds of teams are referred to as â€Å"self-governing† (Hickman, 1986). Given that newly minted Mambas increasingly find themselves working in or leading task-performing teams immediately after graduation, it is unfortunate that few MBA programs provide their students with practice and feedback in developing such skills. 252 Mistake 4: Dismantle Existing Organizational Structures So That Teams Will Be Fully â€Å"Empowered†to Accomplish the Work Traditionally designed organizations often are plagued by constraining structures that have been built up over the years to monitor and control employee behavior. When teams are used to perform work, such structures tend to be viewed as necessary bureaucratic impediments to group functioning. Thus, Just as some managers mistakenly attempt to empower groups by relinquishing all authority to them, so do some attempt to cut through bureaucratic obstacles to team functioning by dismantling all the structures that they can.The assumption, apparently, is that removing structures will release the pent-up power of groups and make it possible for members to work together creatively and effectively. Managers who hold this view often wind up providing teams with less structure than they actually need. Tasks are defined only in vague, general terms. Lots of people ay be involved in the work, but the actual membership of the team is unclear. Norms of conduct are kept deliberately fuzzy. In the words of one manager, â€Å"The team will work out the details. If anything, the opposite is true: Groups with appropriate structures tend to develop healthy internal processes, whereas groups with insufficient or inappropriate structures tend to be plagued with process problems. 7 Because managers and members of troubled groups often perceive, wrongly, that their performance problems are due mainly to interpersonal difficulties, they may turn to process- focused coaching as a remedy. But process consultation is unlikely to be helpful in such cases, precisely because the difficulties are structurally rooted.It is a near impossibility for members to learn how to interact well within a flawed or underspecified team structure. Our research suggests that an enabling structure for a work team has three components. First is a well-designed team task, one that engages and sustains member motivation. Such tasks are whole and meaningful pieces of work that stretch members' skills, that provide ample autonomy for doing what needs to be done to accomplish the work, and that generate direct and rusticity feedback a bout results. Second is a well-composed group.Such groups are as small as possible, have clear boundaries, include members with adequate task and interpersonal skills, and have a good mix of members-?people who are neither so similar to one another that they are like peas in a pod nor so different that they are unable to work together. Third is clear and explicit specification of the basic norms of conduct for team behavior, the handful of â€Å"must do† and â€Å"must never do† behaviors that allow members to pursue their objectives without having to continuously discuss what kinds of behaviors are and are not acceptable.Although groups invariably develop their own norms over time, it is important to establish at the outset that members are expected to continuously monitor This point is reinforced in a quite different context by an essay written by Joe Freeman (1973) for her sisters in the feminist movement in the asses. The message of the essay is neatly captured by its title: â€Å"The Tyranny of Structuralizes. † 7 253 their environment and to revise their performance strategy as needed when their work situation changes.The key question about structure, then, is not how much of it a team has. Rather, it is bout the kind of structure that is provided: Does it enable and support collective work, or does it make teamwork more difficult and frustrating than it need be? Mistake 5: Specify Challenging Team Objectives, but Skimp on Organizational Supports Even if a work team has clear, engaging direction and an enabling structure, its performance can go sour-?or fall well below the group's potential-?if it has insufficient organizational support.Teams in what Richard Walton (1985) calls â€Å"high commitment† organizations can fall victim to this mistake when they are given challenging objectives but not the resources to achieve them. Such teams often start out with great enthusiasm but then become disillusioned as they encounter frust ration after frustration in trying to obtain the organizational supports they need to accomplish the work. If the full potential of work teams is to be realized, organizational structures and systems must actively support competent teamwork.Key supports include (1) a reward system that recognizes and reinforces excellent team performance (not Just individual contributions); (2) an educational system that provides teams, at their initiative, any training or technical consultation that may be added to supplement members' own knowledge and expertise; (3) an information system that provides teams the data and forecasts members' need to proactively manage their work; and (4) the mundane material resources-?equipment, tools, space, money, staff, or whatever-?that the work requires.It is no small undertaking to provide these supports to teams, especially in organizations that already have been tuned to support work performed by individuals. Existing performance appraisal systems, for examp le, may be state-of- the-art for measuring individual contributions but wholly inappropriate for assessing ND rewarding work done by teams. Corporate compensation policy may make no provision for team bonuses and, indeed, may explicitly prohibit them.Human resource departments may be primed to identify individuals' training needs and to provide first-rate courses to fill those needs, but training in team skills may not be available at all. Information and control systems may provide senior managers with data that help them monitor and control overall organizational performance, but teams may not be able to get the information they need to autonomously manage their own work processes.To align existing organizational systems with the needs of task-performing teams usually requires managers to exercise power and influence both upward and laterally in the organization, and may involve difficult negotiations across functional boundaries. For these reasons, providing contextual supports f or teams can be a 254 significant challenge for managers whose experience and expertise has mainly involved supporting and controlling work performed by individuals. That challenge is worth taking on, however, because an unsupported organizational context can undermine even teams that are otherwise quite well directed and well structured.It is especially shattering for a team to fail merely because the organizational supports it needs cannot be obtained. Mistake 6: Assume That Members Already Have All the Skills They Need to Work Well as a Team Once a team has been formed and given its task, managers sometimes assume their work is done. A strict hands-off stance, however, can limit a team's effectiveness when members are not already skilled and experienced in teamwork-?a not uncommon state of affairs in cultures where individualism is a dominant value. It can be helpful,

The Boycott Of The Montgomery Buses And The Court Case...

The success of the boycott of the Montgomery buses and the court case Brown vs. Board of education led African Americans into the 1960’s with the belief that non-violent protest and legal action could make a difference. In the beginning of the 1960’s, students held sit in’s at segregated lunch counters throughout the south. February 1st 1960, was the day of the first sit in at a segregated lunch counter. Four seventeen year old freshman at North Carolina AT University in Greensboro- Franklin Mccain, Ezell Blair Jr., Joseph Mcneil, and David Richmond- peacefully and politely took seats at the lunch counter and asked for coffee. â€Å"By the end of the month similar protest were beginning in thirty one cities and seven southern states† (â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In 1955, Reverend George Lee, vice president of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership and NAACP worker, was shot in the face and killed for urging blacks in the Mississippi D elta to vote† (Austin, â€Å" On Violence and Non-violence†). The perpetrators were never charged for the murder of Lee. With many assassinations of African American liberation leaders and organizers along with the police frame ups and imprisonment of African American protestors had a devastating impact on the struggle against racism and national oppression. In addition to these murders, violence was portrayed in mass arrest, jail beatings, lynching’s, and church bombings (Austin, â€Å"On Violence and Non-violence†). African American’s believed it was time to take matters into their own hands. The non-violence approach was not improving anything for them. A lot of the protest resulted in deaths for African Americans. African Americans along with their supporters felt it was necessary to use force in order to advance in their struggle for freedom, equality, and justice. The Black Panther Party of Self-defense was founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. Newton was the youngest of seven children. He spent most of his troubled childhood in a depressed neighborhood of Oakland California. Newton was expelled from various schools in Oakland California but graduated from Oakland Technical High School in 1959. His father was unable to keep him from feeling rage at theShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The Civil Rights Movement954 Words   |  4 Pagesthey took a stand. This was known as the Civil Rights Movement. There were many interesting events that caused this movement. The three main causes that lead up to the Civil Rights Movement were The Alabama Church bombing, Brown vs the board of education, and Montgomery Boycott. First off, one of the main causes of the Civil Rights Movement was The Alabama Church Bombings. â€Å"The church bombing was the third in Birmingham in 11 days after a federal order came down to integrate Alabama’s school systemRead MoreHow Far Had African Americans Progressed in Gaining Better Civil Rights by 1960?1214 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst racism abroad and at home. The Navy was the first branch of the services to desegregate in 1946, as it found it difficult to maintain segregation on its ships - black people gained promotions due to the need for more sailors. 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Some of the main areas that this segregation happened was on public buses, schools, and balloting poles. The African American population was outraged by this. The Jim Crow laws were passed into law in 1965. The laws went down to even the local level. They caused Africans social, educational, and economic hardships andRead MoreEssay about Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s3237 Words   |  13 PagesMany different acts and campaigns of civil resistance represented this movement. African-Americans and whites performed forms of protest and civil disobedience including sit-ins, boycotts, marches and other nonviolent activities. Out of this movement, came many successful achievements such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the segment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that â€Å"restored and protected voting rights for African-Americans.† But along with achievements, manyRead MoreThe Montgomery Bus Boycott5270 Words   |  22 PagesThe Montgomery Bus Boycott The Montgomery bus boycott changed the way people lived and reacted to each other. The American civil rights movement began a long time ago, as early as the seventeenth century, with blacks and whites all protesting slavery together. The peak of the civil rights movement came in the 1950s starting with the successful bus boycott in Montgomery Alabama. The civil rights movement was lead by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who preached nonviolence and love for your enemyRead MoreEssay on The Segregation of School in America1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe Segregation of School in America In history there are two major turning points in the fight for equal rights. The first was â€Å"Homer Plessey vs. The rail road company† of 1986. Homer Plessey was asked to sit in a black only carriage and refused; he was kicked off the train. He decided to take his case to the supreme court and they ruled in favour of segregation, saying â€Å"separate but equal†. Segregation had been occurring for many years already in the form of â€Å"The Jim